ASCI 202

     T here are many moving parts that must work together to make the national airspace system function effectively, all which are equally important to the overall success of flight operations. The two I will be comparing  today are Control Towers and Terminal Radar Approach Control. Though both have very different jobs, the equally ensure the safety and expeditiousness of air traffic.      Control towers, most often known as simply tower, are the first and last control entity pilot's contact during their flight. Tower is usually broken down into four control positions: Flight Data, Clearance Delivery, Ground Control, and Local Control. Flight Data handles flight progress strips for other positions and ensures that all operations are recorded and handled appropriately. Clearance Delivery is responsible for broadcasting departure clearances, as well as amending any changes in flight plans or routes for aircraft departing the control towers area of jurisdiction. Ground Control ensure

      O ne of the most prevalent effects aviation has on the environment is noise pollution. With the every increasing traffic density  in the national airspace system, there's no doubt that the increase in noise caused by aircraft has effects on the surrounding areas. Studies have continued to show that the constant exposure to noise caused by aircraft can have negative impacts on our society. A study conducted by the European Commission found that living near an airport can be a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke, because of increased blood pressure caused by this noise pollution. (West, 2019) This excessive noise cause by aircraft has also been shown to have negative impacts on child development. Children living near airports have been found to lag behind their classmates by two months for every five decibel increase in noise levels. (West, 2019)     In order to counteract these negative impacts, the FAA and local airport authorities have begun to set countermeasu

  A s the aviation industry continued to improve throughout the second half of the 20th century, it was clear that improvements to airports and the airways were necessary. With new and more advanced aircraft in the air, in a higher volume, an expansion to the National Airport and Airspace system was crucial. So in 1970 congress passed the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970. This legislation was established to help react to the rapid increase in flights and help make the aviation system as a whole a safer and more profitable form of travel. The act was estimated to generate over 11 billion dollars to aid in the construction and revitalization to the airports and airways across the country.(AVStop.com, n.d.) This was to be accomplished by places taxes on airplane tickets and aircraft fuel, and adjusting the existing tax on aircraft registration. The funds raised from the legislation would come to be known as the Airport and Airway Trust Fund. The fund continues to be used and con

       T here are many factors that come in to play when discussing safety in the aviation field. Human factors is one of the most important when discussing safety due to the overwhelming amount of influence it has on aviation accidents today. Human factors is defined as the understanding of the properties of human capability, the application of the understanding to the design development, and deployment of systems and services, and the art of ensuring successful application of these principles into the working environment. (FAA, 2018) With the huge advancements of technology in aviation, the amount of accidents caused by equipment has reduced significantly, as the rise in accidents caused by human factors has taken it's place.      One challenge faced in aviation today that is highly affected by human factors is the communication methods used between pilot's and flight crew, and air traffic controllers. During peak flight times, air traffic controllers face huge workloads and

 With the advancements in technology ever growing, new and emerging threats to the aviation system continue to arise. One of the growing concerns is the security of cyber aviation systems that ensure the safety and organized flow of daily flight operations. According to Kaspersen, " Many systems in civilian aviation are potentially hackable: reservation systems, flight traffic management systems, access control management systems, departure control systems, passport control systems, cloud-based airline data storage, hazardous materials transportation management, cargo handling and shipping." (2016) If these systems become hacked, the consequences could be grave. From the disruption of transportation of cargo, to the safety of passengers and crew onboard airline flights.      Security experts and advisors are working hard to put measure sand standards in place to help deter and prevent these threats. Some different methods to help lower the occurrence  of successful cyber atta

     There are many working parts that make an aircraft fly safely, and a majority of them rely on a source of electricity. Therefore the assurance of the safe generation, capacity control, and transference of electricity through an aircraft is crucial. Electrical systems in aircraft can vary drastically between different types of aircraft. The basic components include the Alternator which using the power of and engine, or hydraulic motor produces electricity to charge the aircraft's battery and power the electrical components of an aircraft. The electricity is fed into buses where voltage regulators ensure the proper amount of electricity is being provided to each component needing power. These are protected by either fuses in older aircraft, or circuit breakers, that cut the flow of electricity when abnormalities appear. Circuit breakers are preferred due to the ability to quickly reset the flow of electricity, where when fuses blow they must be replaced each time. Aircraft also